Diskussionen är intressant och bör fortsätta. Det är dock bra att man höjer ett varningens finger åt dem som tror att det bara är att regga ett bolag utomlands och slippa all skatt. Så bra blir det aldrig.
Att äga bolaget via en trust reggad i t ex Luxemburg och sedan vara anställd i ett dotterbolag är lagligt och skapar väldiga fördelar men man får lik förbannat betala bolagsskatt (låg) i Luxemburg på moderbolaget samt svensk skatt på sina inkomster som man lyfter här hemma. De riktigt stora fördelarna kommer när man ska sälja delar av verksamheten, tar ut lån istället för lön (tillåtet i Luxemburg men förbjudet i Sverige), och när det fortfarande fanns förmögenhets- och arvsskatt i Sverige.
Att äga sitt bolag via en anonym trust i t ex Cypern/Lichtenstein är att be om problem. Det är din bevisbörda att visa att du inte äger bolaget, enligt svensk rättsskipning.
Det går att göra men kräver en hel del fotarbete och omkostnader. De flesta av WN:s läsare kommer aldrig att komma upp i de nivåerna på inkomster.
Men sysslar man som du med handel mellan olika länder ska man naturligtvis ha bolag i respektive land och utnyttja de lagliga möjligheter som finns till avdrag, fördelning av kostnader och skatteplanering.
Ett tips: ska ni öppna konto utomlands, öppna ett företagskonto. Personliga konton följer en person och det krävs ofta omfattande dokumentation om vem man är. Information som sedan kan spåras till dig som person. Bara som ett tips.

Källa: skatteverket.se

3. Skatteavtal mellan Sverige och Peru

Prop. 2005/06:125

Avtalet mellan Sverige och Peru för undvikande av dubbelbeskattning beträffande skatter på inkomst och förmögenhet undertecknades den 17 september 1966 och tillämpades på inkomst som förvärvades efter utgången av år 1968 och vid statlig förmögenhetsskatt år 1969 eller senare år.

Skatteavtalet med Peru är ett av våra allra äldsta. Avtalet avviker i hög grad från svensk avtalspolicy såsom den numera är utformad. Bland annat föreskriver avtalet exempt som huvudmetod för undanröjande av dubbelbeskattning (den s.k. undantagandemetoden). En annan avvikelse är att avtalet inte innehåller några begränsningar vad gäller källstatens rätt att beskatta utdelning och ränta som betalas till person med hemvist i den andra avtalsslutande staten.

Avtalet är också utformat på ett mycket föråldrat sätt. Detta har skapat oklarhet när det gäller tolkningen av flera bestämmelser i avtalet och har gett upphov till oönskade skatteplaneringsåtgärder.

Förhandlingar om ett nytt skatteavtal med Peru inleddes i mars 2006. I avvaktan på slutförandet av dessa förhandlingar och ett ikraftträdande av ett nytt avtal föreslås i propositionen att riksdagen godkänner att avtalet mellan Sverige och Peru för undvikande av dubbelbeskattning beträffande skatter på inkomst och förmögenhet sägs upp samt antar en lag om upphävande av kungörelsen (1968:745) om detta avtal. Avsikten är att skatteavtalet ska upphöra att gälla den 1 januari 2007.

Precis, denna proposition kom som ett brev på posten efter en dom som öppnade upp för holdingbolag i Peru. Beslutet är taget av riksdagen och avtalet har sagts upp. Ett nytt avtal lär knappeligen innehålla samma konstruktioner. Därmed går peruanska staten miste om ett antal sköna skattemiljoner som hamnar i Sverige i stället.

Fråga till skatteverket:

Jag funderar på att starta ett dotterbolag till Verimentor AB i USA för försäljning av data-program-produkter. Inriktningen är en internationell marknad, men pga status för amerikanska bolag så tror vi att bolaget får bättre renomé hos kunderna om det är registrerat i USA.

Är det några speciella skatteregler vi behöver tänka på i detta fall.

Vi har tänkt att vi som arbetar i bolaget fysiskt kommer att sitta i Sverige och arbeta för moderbolaget Verimentor AB. Det amerikanska dotterbolaget är endast ett säljbolag. Säljbolaget köper produkterna av moderbolaget eller av annat bolag inom koncernen eller från helt andra bolag utanför koncernen.

Mvh
Conny Westh
Verkställande direktör
Verimentor AB
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Hej Conny!

När man registrerat ett företag i USA är det deras skatteregler som gäller för verksamheten som bedrivs där.

Artikel 7 i skatteavtalet mellan Sverige och USA.

Artikel 7
Inkomst av rörelse
1. Inkomst av rörelse, som företag i en avtalsslutande stat förvär- var, beskattas endast i denna stat, såvida inte företaget bedriver rörelse i den andra avtalsslutande staten från där beläget fast driftställe. Om företaget bedriver rörelse på nyss angivet sätt, får företagets inkomst beskattas i den andra staten men endast så stor del därav som är hänförlig till det fasta driftstället.


Artikel 5
Fast driftställe
1. Vid tillämpningen av detta avtal åsyftar uttrycket "fast driftställe" en stadigvarande plats för affärsverksamhet, från vilken ett företags verksamhet helt eller delvis bedrivs

2. Uttrycket "fast driftställe" innefattar särskilt:
a) plats för företagsledning,
B) filial,
c) kontor,
d) fabrik,
e) verkstad och
f) gruva, olje- eller gaskälla, stenbrott eller annan plats för utvinning av naturtillgångar.


Vill du ha mer information om beskattningen i USA får du vända dig till Skatteverket där.


Med vänliga hälsningar
Monica Leander
Skatteverket, Servicejouren

Kanon! Nu vänder du på steken och har dotterbolag utomlands. Vinsten där behöver du inte ta hem, den kan ligga till sig där, eller?

Enligt min tolkning så borde det funka.

Eftersom Nevada har 0% i bolagsskatt så borde det bli ett helt lysande och helt laglig affärsupplägg.

Det är bland annat detta sätt som Volvo och andra bjässar använder. De kan ju "interndebitera" och bestämma vad största marginalerna ska stanna. Skattmasen har dock vissa synpunkter på detta.

Vad som strular till det är om företagsledningen sitter i Sverige, jag har frågat skatteverket om det men ej hunnit få svar ännu.

Lite rättningar: Cypern har förvisso banksekretess och en rätt hård sådan men oavsätt upplägg så måste den egentliga ägaren registreras hos den cypriotiska motsvarigheten till riksbanken. Så där går det inte att vara helt anonym. Ber RSV om det kommer de lämna ut ditt namn och jag tror samma sak gäller Lichtenstein. Vill man vara anonym får man söka sig utanför EU och troligen Europa. Panama är t.ex. ett vanligt tillhåll. Nevada är ju också ganska duktiga på att hålla tyst.

Har inte Nevada massa krav på att man måste ha lokalbefolkningen i styrelsen?

Apple har ju flyttat skattkistan ditt (http://maximac.se/nytt/index.php?item=200604006) Kan Steve Jobs så kan jag som jag brukar säga :)

Conny: Återkom gärna när du har fått svar.

Funderar själv på att lägga delar av verksamheten där. Vore ju ganska nice att få till ett system där inkomsterna kommer in i ett bolag och att mitt dotterbolag i Sverige sedan fakturerar (koncernbidrag?) en summa för "driften" och överskottet investeras. Helst skulle jag dock undvika dollar, men det lär ju gå att ha ett Eurokonto i USA precis som vi har dollarkonton.

Vill man sen sälja verksamheten så borde det ju gå att göra skattefritt genom att bara avyttra dotterbolaget. Så funkar det ju för koncerner i Sverige i alla fall.

Jag lovar återkomma med svar från skattmasen, det är ganska kul att ta reda på saker ibland. Det kostar dessutom gratis när det är till svenska myndigheter man ställer frågorna.

Det finns helt lagliga öppningar lite var stans i byråkratin verkar det som.

Det viktiga för mig är att ta reda på fakta så att det är 100% legitimt, och inte kommer sura efterräkningar pga specialregler, undantag eller mina feltolkningar (jag är ju varken revisor, jurist eller advokat utan bara en glad entreprenör som vill göra lönsamma affärer).

Antigua i västindien har världens strängaste sekretessregler kring sina offshorebolagsregister. Det är högeligen straffbart för tjänstemän att avslöja vilka som ligger bakom bolag i Antigua. Inga skatter var det senast jag kollade, tror inte ens man behövde lämna in deklaration på bolaget (som man inte heller behöver i Gibraltar). Kan vara kul att kolla detta....

Antigua
Antigua är en av de mest frekventerade öarna i Västindien.

Det torra klimatet och turistmyndigheternas slogan "365 stränder - en för var dag på året" har starkt bidragit till det. Ön har en odramatisk natur men saknar absolut inte skönhet.

Ett besök i English Harbour med Nelson´s Dockyard är av historiskt intresse.

På Antigua bor 65.000 människor och ön mäter 25 km tvärs över. Huvudstaden St. John´s är oerhört gemytlig och har ca 30.000 invånare.

Det officiella språket är engelska.

Tillsammans med ön Barbuda utgör Antigua en självständig nation sedan 1981 inom det brittiska samväldet.

En perfekt ö för barnfamiljer, smekmånadspar och soldyrkare i allmänhet. Här har man möjlighet att hitta sin alldeles egna strand.

Källa: http://www.vastindienspecialisten.se/antig...CFQ8gQgodlSYUSQ

ANTIGUA OFFSHORE COMPANIES
Antigua and Barbuda is an independent, English-speaking country in the Eastern Caribbean. It is a politically stable, safe and private jurisdiction for offshore companies and offshore bank accounts. As a former British colony, Antigua's legal system embodies the principle of English statutory and common law, making it particularly attractive for certain transactions not easily structured under civil law systems.

The International Business Corporations Act of 1982 (as amended) provides excellent confidentiality and privacy. The Act prohibits the disclosure of information imparted under conditions of business or professional confidence. The Act applies to banks and professionals (including attorneys, accountants, government officers, secretaries, etc.) and includes all commercial transactions arising in Antigua and Barbuda and continues to apply whether inside or outside of Antigua and Barbuda.

Bearer shares are allowed and there is no requirement for disclosure of the beneficial ownership. There is also no requirement for filing audited accounts or annual statements of any kind.

A company incorporated under the Act is exempt from income tax for all payments by the company to persons not resident in Antigua and Barbuda. There are no real estate, inheritance, succession, gift taxes, or duty, payable by persons not resident in Antigua and Barbuda with respect to any shares, debt obligations or other securities of a company incorporated under this Act.

Because Antigua and Barbuda is an independent nation, it is not affected by the UK/EU regulations concerning the tax status of the British Dependent Territories.

Antigua and Barbuda is party to various conventions on drugs and money laundering issues. The Proceeds of Crime Act, passed in 1993, established areas of co-operation with the US and the UK. An extradition treaty with the US was signed in 1995, providing for extradition in cases of dual criminality. A Money Laundering Act was also passed in 1996, establishing guidelines for offshore banking.


Källa: http://www.milonline.com/companies/antigua...-companies.html

Why Gibraltar?
Due to its territorial tax regime and its special political status, Gibraltar is an ideal European base for management of any international business. An offshore company, registered in a traditional tax haven country, can be headquartered and administered from Gibraltar and still maintain its tax-free status. By being professionally managed from Gibraltar, an offshore IBC can successfully pass the “Mind and Management” test that is routinely applied by foreign tax authorities.


The providers of company management services in Gibraltar are licensed and regulated by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission. All company managers must be “fit and proper” professionals stringently vetted and supervised by the Gibraltar FSC. In particular, it is mandatory for all Gibraltar company management and trust firms to carry professional indemnity insurance. The exemplary regulatory regime in Gibraltar provides for a complete peace-of-mind for company owners and investors.


There is no withholding tax on dividends paid to non-residents, no capital gains tax, no wealth tax and no inheritance tax in Gibraltar. There is also no sales tax and no VAT in Gibraltar, although, subject to their business profile, Gibraltar firms can obtain a British VAT number.


There are no exchange controls in Gibraltar and the local currency (Gibraltar Pound Sterling) is on par and mutually exchangeable for British Pound Sterling.


Gibraltar has a legal system based on British common law, a strong rule of law, efficient courts and a pool of internationally qualified lawyers. Services of accounting, insurance, asset management and finance are also readily available.


Gibraltar is effectively bi-lingual, English being the official language and Spanish being spoken widely. It is located in the Central European Time zone, same as Berlin, Amsterdam Paris, Madrid or Rome, and one hour ahead of London. Gibraltar has excellent telecommunications and is easily accessible by air, land or sea.

Källa: http://www.offshoregibraltar.com/index.php?page=0_2

Panama liknar Antigua i många hänseenden och att slippa all form av bokföring hägrar ju faktiskt lite även om det kanske inte är så smart. Sen är bra att tänka på att många skatteparadis väcker varningsklockor hos många företag. Så det bästa är nog en typ av dotter/moderbolagsstruktur.

På cypern är det också höga straffsatser på att lämna ut information till obehöriga men de tvekar som sagt inte om RSV eller polisen knackar på dörren.

Lite tips från min sida är att studera Cypern närmare. Visst de har inte nolltaxering men skatten är mycket lägre än i Sverige. De är dessutom medlemmar av EU, har dubbelbeskattningsavtal med Sverige och ganska trevliga regler rätt allmänt för holdingbolagsverksamhet.

Börjar du titta på skatteparadis som Antigua så fastnar du ofta i en snårskog som bara skattekonsulter kan ta dig igenom. Det är helt enkelt så mycket svårare när de är utsatta för CFC-beskattning (Sök på CFC om du inte redan känner till begreppet, det är intressant). Så det optimala är ett land med låg skatt utan att det är CFC-klassat och sen helst inom EU då vi har fri rörlighet för kapital.

För mig är det dock mest intressant med USA då jag ofta får inkomster vilka är svåra att få ut efter att the patriot act stramat till pengautförseln och gjort det omöjligt för företag och privatpersoner som inte är bosatta där att lagligt öppna bankkonto. Nevadas skattesatser skulle ju inte heller sitta fel och mindre formalia skulle ju vara skönt :)

Ska nog brevväxla lite med RSV jag med.

OFFSHORE COMPANY MANAGEMENT
Buying an offshore company is easy.

Running it in a proper, safe and smart manner is not easy.

An offshore company is a high-powered legal instrument. Operated improperly and recklessly, it can cause legal trouble and tax liability to its owner. Operated in the right way, an offshore company can boost business efficiency, reduce costs, protect assets and, yes, also provide tax advantages. A properly structured and prudently operated offshore company will save its establishment and running costs countless times over.

This chapter explains how, in the modern time and age, offshore companies should be set up and operated in order to achieve the great benefits that they are designed to provide.


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
An offshore company is not for everyone.

Generally, an offshore company fits well into genuinely international business models. If the potential client base of a business is confined to one single country and there is no “international” aspect to it, involvement of an offshore company in such business model is usually impossible - or illegal.

As the name suggests, International Business Company is inherently designed for just that – international business. Not local. Trying to conduct the business at home through an offshore company is a recipe for disaster.

Cross-border transactions are the natural realm of the offshore company. If your business plan is international by nature, conducting it through an offshore base can work very well indeed.


COMMERCIAL SENSE
An offshore company should possess a rational commercial reason for its existence. An offshore arrangement must not be created solely for the purpose of avoiding tax! Rather, it must also be able to demonstrate real substance and a real commercial advantage of carrying out its business from an offshore location – apart from the tax advantage alone.

Many owners of corporations registered in tax havens do not realize this aspect – to their potential detriment. The problem is that a majority of tax laws, especially in the developed industrialized countries, include a blanket provision that a taxpayer can not engage into a scheme whose sole purpose is to avoid tax.

In order to be recognized as a bona-fide business enterprise, and not as a tax-scheme, an offshore company must have a business sense, a rational commercial reason for being located in the jurisdiction where it is located.

What could serve as such rational commercial reason? Indeed, apart from tax benefits, why should one set up an offshore company, instead of incorporating the same business at home?

In fact, there can be a wide array of reasons. Here are just some of them:

• - The potential client base is global, and only a fraction of them are from “home”.
  - A closer geographical location to the main target markets.
  - Logistics advantage - central location in the middle of supply routes.
  - Local personnell has better understanding of target markets.
  - Local personnell speaks the predominant language of target markets.
  - Main competitors are already located in the same jurisdiction.
  - Lower overhead costs, thanks to more relaxed record-keeping rules.
  - Lower accounting costs, due to simpler accounting and reporting regulations.
  - Important business processes can be cost-effectively outsourced.
  - Lower overhead, due to a lower direct and indirect employment costs.
  - More flexibility due to easier “firing and hiring” regulations.
  - Specialist professional services easier or cheaper to obtain.
  - Financing or insurance available on more favourable terms.
  - A better legal protection or regulation for the particular industry.
  - Applicable mandatory licenses or permits are easier to obtain.
  - More favourable import-export regulations – lack of quotas or tariffs.
  - Availability of investor protection or deposit protection laws.
  - Better or cheaper communications.
  - Better political or economic stability.

All-in-all, if a company that is registered in a tax-haven can demonstrate that a lower tax bill is not the only logic behind its location there, such company (and its owner) stands a much better chance against potential scrutiny by a foreign tax authority.


FOREIGN TAX LIABILITY
Incorporation of a company in a tax-haven jurisdiction is the easy part. A typical tax-haven incorporation will not be considered resident there for tax purposes. Yes, this means that the country of incorporation will levy no taxes from the offshore company.

But what about other countries? What about the countries, to which the offshore company will ship the goods, or provide the services? Can these other countries claim and charge tax from a foreign (offshore) company – or, God forbid, from its actual owner?!

You bet they can.

It all boils down to two legal concepts.

One is known as “mind and management”.

The other refers to the “location of the transaction for tax purposes”.


MIND AND MANAGEMENT
In very simple terms it means that a legal person (a business corporation) will be considered resident for tax purposes in the country where its mind and management is located – regardless of where the company was incorporated in the first place.

This, in turn, means that if the owner of a tax-haven corporation happens to live in a well regulated, high-tax country (think the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Canada, Japan, Australia, the United States …) and if this individual personally carries out the practical management of the tax-haven corporation (signs contracts, issues invoices, collects funds, operates bank accounts, etc) – then he is creating, at his own home, what the taxman calls “a permanent establishment” of the offshore company.

Under the tax laws, a “permanent establishment” of a foreign company will be treated the same as if it was a regular, domestic business. This way, through a “permanent establishment” or, in other words, through placing the mind and management of an offshore company within a high-tax country, the tax-free, offshore company ceases to be tax-free! Instead, it becomes subject to the full brunt of local taxation in the said highly regulated, high-tax country. If discovered, the unfortunate owner-operator of such company will be called to report and pay tax on behalf of his offshore enterprise.

How to prevent this from happening? The only real defence in such situation is to prove that the company is tax resident elsewhere. This is where the “mind and management” concept comes into play. For a company to be considered resident in a certain country, it must demonstrate real physical presence, control and management situated there. A mere fact of registration is not enough to establish a credible residence for tax purposes. This is the “Achilles heal” for many of the thousands of international business companies that get registered every day in the various offshore tax havens of the world.

A mere establishment of a business company in a tax-haven will not render it genuinely tax free! Usually, an international business company will have only an absolute minimum of presence in the country of incorporation – the registered address and the registered agent. These two are legal formalities, but they are just the “skeleton” of the company. They not nearly enough to withstand a serious scrutiny by a foreign tax investigator.

In order to be perceived and considered as a bona-fide business, an offshore company must also have a “flesh” – a business substance and the usual attributes pertaining to it.

When considering how your offshore company will be managed, try answering these questions, as if they were asked by a tax officer:

• - Where is the actual business office of this company?
  - Are its directors and managers normally present in that office?
  - Where can I obtain the marketing brochures or business offers from this company?
  - Can I call and talk to the management of this company? On what number?
  - Can I contact the management of this company by fax? On what number?
  - Can the director advise in detail what is the business of the company?
  - Who, exactly, approves entering into and a conclusion of a particular contract?
  - Who signs contracts and other legal documents on behalf of this company?
  - Who prepares and issues invoices for this company?
  - Who controls and operates the bank accounts of this company?
  - Where does the company hold its meetings of shareholders and directors?

In order to have coherent answers to these questions, and still maintain tax-exempt status, an offshore company must also have its physical management and control function located in a country that does not impose local tax on foreign companies!

In order for a jurisdiction to offer such benefit, it must have a suitable (“territorial”) taxation system. There are not so many jurisdictions that offer such environment. Gibraltar is one of them.


“PLACE OF BUSINESS” FOR TAX PURPOSES
The other aspect that may create a tax liability for an offshore company is its possible engagement into the sort of business that is inherently treated as “local”.

The “place of business” concept largely determines who (which country) can tax the profits, gains or value added in a certain business transaction – regardless of where the contracting parties come from. The “place of business” is determined by a multitude of conditions. Each country will have its own rules in this respect. These rules can be very intricate, and they also vary a lot from country to country. Therefore, this material does not attempt to analyze some particular country or business model - it just sketches the issue in general terms.

Here are some typical examples:

Real estate. An offshore company may purchase and own real estate in a high-tax country. However, the rental revenues generated by such property are subject to income tax or withholding tax “at source”, in the country where the property sits. Any unpaid tax may be assessed against the property itself (meaning, the property can end up in a forced sale by the local government to cover such tax liability).

Equipment. The “source” rule generally covers pretty much any property that is placed in a high-tax country and generates rental or lease income locally. Vehicles and industrial equipment are a typical example.

Services. The “place of business” for some types of services can be defined by tax laws as the place where the recipient of the service is located. If so, the revenues from such transaction will be taxable in the recipient country. Services are generally subject to extremely detailed tax regulations, in particular what concerns the definition of “place of business” for tax purposes. The final classification can depend on a multitude of conditions. For example, whether the provider of consulting or training services physically travelled into the host country to provide the service or, alternatively, whether the recipient of the services travelled abroad to meet with the consultants. The “place of business” will be different in each of these situations.

Investment income. Many countries will impose witholding tax on repatriation of profits, especially if paid out to a tax-haven jurisdiction.

The “place of business” will also be determined by a number of formal factors. Where and how the business negotiations were conducted prior to the conclusion of the contract? Who carried out such negotiations? Were they performed in person or over distance? If in person, by whom and where? Who signed the business contract on behalf of the offshore company? Where the contracts were signed? Where, physically, the contractual obligations were carried out?

There is not a single definitive recipe for resolving the “place of business” issue. Each business is different, and much will also depend on the place of permanent residence and domicile of the company owner. In order to avoid nasty surprises, one should simply do the homework – obtain sufficient advice “on the ground”, in the country from which the offshore company expects to derive income.


A WORD ABOUT SECRECY
For decades, offshore tax-havens have been associated with secrecy. It has also created a very wrong perception of how an offshore company should be utilized and managed. Many business owners have relied on the fact that everything they do with their offshore company will remain completely secret forever, including their beneficial ownership of the company. While this still is largely true, an offshore arrangement must never, ever rest on secrecy alone! It must be built on legality, not on secrecy!

For one thing, because in certain situations the owner of the offshore company may be asked to positively prove and provide facts about how that company is being managed and how it does business. Under most tax laws, it is the duty of the taxpayer to prove that his transaction is legitimate and tax-deductible. The tax authority will automatically presume that the taxpayer is wrong - it will be his duty to prove that he is right! Silence and secrecy will not be an option here.

An offshore company and its daily business must be construed in a way that it withstands legal and regulatory scrutiny, not just hides from it!


PROPER MANAGEMENT OF OFFSHORE COMPANIES
To recap, in order to run an international business company properly and avoid conflicts with the various local tax laws, several things must be taken care of.

First, the owner of the offshore company must explore the local tax regulations in the country or countries where the company expects to do sales or to engage into any business transactions. This pertains to the “place of business” issue.

Second, the owner of the offshore company must peruse the tax laws in his own country – the one whose passport he is carrying and the one where he permanently resides. This pertains to the “management and control” issue.

As a general rule, a business owner, who lives in a high-tax country, must not be seen as directly managing and controlling an offshore company – especially, if that offshore company actively engages into transactions with his domestic business.

Great care must be taken to ensure that the substance of trading and the effective management of the company is carried out outside the fiscal jurisdiction of the beneficial owners.

Professional company management services must be sought from a country, where such management function does not create a tax liability.

Fidelity Corporate Services Ltd, through its offices located and licensed in several tax-neutral jurisdictions, is specialized in providing the company management services for offshore companies.

By providing professional directors, business administration facilities and comprehensive day-to-day management service from a tax-neutral base, management and control of the company outside a high-tax jurisdiction can be properly demonstrated. This way, an offshore company would be able to withstand potential scrutiny and still retain its built-in efficiency.

Källa: http://www.offshoregibraltar.com/index.php?page=1_4_5